Effects of the Spanish Influenza pandemic on fertility and nuptiality in Norway
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Spanish Influenza in Mashhad from 1918 to 1920
Spanish flu was one of the harshest historical pandemics in the northeastern Iran, which killed many local people. Its first outbreak in Mashhad dates back to August 3 and 4, 1918. This disease continued until 1920 in successive waves. The death toll of this disease in Mashhad (with a population of 100,000 people at the time) was possibly as high as 3,500. Moreover, this disease caused outbreak...
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Pioneering work by Douglas Almond (2006) used the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic to establish that in utero exposure to health insults has a large, negative impact on health and socioeconomic prosperity that reaches well into adulthood. A key assumption underlying this body of research is that in utero exposure to the influenza pandemic can be treated as if it were randomly assigned. The valid...
متن کاملInfluenza: A Unique Disease
Dear Editor-in-Chief, Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus (1). Symptoms can be mild to severe (2). The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, sneezing, and feeling tired (1). Three of the four types of influenza viruses affect people, Type A, Type B, and Type C (3, 4). Type D ha...
متن کاملPublic Health Policy and Experience of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in Pune, India
Background Prior experience and the persisting threat of influenza pandemic indicate the need for global and local preparedness and public health response capacity. The pandemic of 2009 highlighted the importance of such planning and the value of prior efforts at all levels. Our review of the public health response to this pandemic in Pune, India, considers the challenges of integrating global ...
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Background and Aims: Influenza A viruses are important pathogens for humans especially in pandemic episodes. Two adamantane derivates, amantadine and rimantadine, are used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections. However, single amino acid substitutions in the M2 transmembrane domain which lead to amantadine resistance of these viruses occur at residues 26, 27, 30, 31 or 3...
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تاریخ انتشار 2001